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Gynäkomastie

Zuletzt bearbeitet: Zuletzt revidiert:
Zuletzt revidiert von:
  • Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft. Gynäkomastie im Erwachsenenalter. AWMF-Leitlinie Nr. 013-039. Klasse S1, Stand 2016. www.awmf.org 
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin. Gynäkomastie. AWMF-Leitlinie Nr. 027-028. Klasse S1, Stand 2011 (abgelaufen). www.awmf.org 
  1. Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft. Gynäkomastie im Erwachsenenalter. AWMF-Leitlinie Nr. 013-039, Stand 2016. www.awmf.org  
  2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin. Gynäkomastie. AWMF-Leitlinie Nr. 027-028, Stand 2011. www.awmf.org  
  3. Dickson G. Gynecomastia. Am Fam Physician 2012; 85: 716-22. American Family Physician  
  4. Braunstein GD. Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1229-37. New England Journal of Medicine  
  5. Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, et al. Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics 2010; 125: e122-e129. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov  
  6. Den Hond E, Dhooge W, Bruckers L, et al. Internal exposures to pollutants and sexual maturation in Flemish adolescents. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011; 21: 224-33. PubMed  
  7. Georgiadis E, Papandreou L, Evangelopoulou C, et al. Incidence of gynaecomastia in 954 young males and its relationship to somatometric parameters. Ann Hum Biol 1994; 21: 579-87. PubMed  
  8. Lawrence SE, Faught KA, Vethamuthu J, Lawson ML. Beneficial effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 71-6. PubMed  
  9. Mönig H, Domm C, Wegner J. Diagnostik und Therapie der Gynäkomastie. J Klin Endokrinol Stoffw 2012; 5: 34-8. www.kup.at  
  10. Roke Y, van Harten PN, Boot AM, Buitelaar JK. Antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents: a descriptive review of the effects on prolactin level and associated side effects. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19: 403-14. PubMed  
  11. McKenna C, Burch J, Suekarran S, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of aldosterone antagonists for postmyocardial infarction heart failure. Health Technol Assess 2010; 14: 1-162. PubMed  
  12. Engbaek M, Hjerrild M, Hallas J, Jacobsen IA. The effect of low-dose spironolactone on resistant hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010; 4: 290-4. PubMed  
  13. Eckman A, Dobs A. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008; 7: 691-702. PubMed  
  14. Messina M. Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 2095-2104. PubMed  
  15. Basaria S. Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1533-43. PubMed  
  16. Visootsak J, Graham JM Jr. Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1: 42. PubMed  
  17. Harris M, Rizvi S, Hindmarsh J, Bryan R. Testicular tumour presenting as gynaecomastia. BMJ 2006; 332: 837. British Medical Journal  
  18. Daniels IR, Layer GT. Testicular tumours presenting as gynaecomastia. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003; 29: 437-9. PubMed  
  19. Iglesias P, Carrero JJ, Díez JJ. Gonadal dysfunction in men with chronic kidney disease: clinical features, prognostic implications and therapeutic options. J Nephrol 2012; 25: 31-42. PubMed  
  20. Mehrotra R, Kopple JD. Nutritional management of maintenance dialysis patients: why aren't we doing better? Annu Rev Nutr 2001; 21: 343-79. PubMed  
  21. Dundar B, Dundar N, Erci T, Bober E, Büyükgebiz A. Leptin levels in boys with pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18: 929-34. PubMed  
  22. Muñoz Carrasco R, Alvarez Benito M, Muñoz Gomariz E, Raya Povedano JL, Martínez Paredes M. Mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of male breast disease. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 2797-2805. PubMed  
  23. Hanavadi S, Banerjee D, Monypenny IJ, Mansel RE. The role of tamoxifen in the management of gynaecomastia. Breast 2006; 15: 276-80. PubMed  
  24. Ozen H, Akyol F, Toktas G, et al. Is prophylactic breast radiotherapy necessary in all patients with prostate cancer and gynecomastia and/or breast pain? J Urol 2010; 184: 519-24. PubMed  
  • Thomas M. Heim, Dr. med., Wissenschaftsjournalist, Freiburg

Frühere Autor*innen

  • Die ursprüngliche Version dieses Artikels basiert auf einem entsprechenden Artikel im norwegischen hausärztlichen Online-Handbuch Norsk Elektronisk Legehåndbok(NEL, https://legehandboka.no/).